SJ Public Health Africa
type: channel
description: SJ Public Health Africa is an international, multidisciplinary peer-reviewed journal published by SJC Publishers Company Limited. The journal aims to publish research articles from students internationally whose studies focus on all aspects of Public Health. It has both the Online (ISSN:3007-5696) and Print (ISSN: 3007-5688) medium. This is a Journal for students of Public Health at all levels, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers both locally and internationally. Aim and scope The journal focuses on the social determinants of health, the environmental, behavioural, and occupational correlates of health and disease, and the impact of health policies, practices and interventions on the community. We are also interested in studies that relate climate change to health. Other specific areas that the journal has an interest in include; Epidemiology - social and political Need or impact assessments with a strategic/population-level focus Health Protection including control of communicable diseases Health promotion and disease prevention Development of public health programs or interventions Public health law and ethics Public health governance, audit, and quality Public health theory, models and frameworks Public health policy and comparisons Capacity in public health systems and workforce Managing Publisher: The journal is managed and published by SJC Publishers Company Limited. The publishers of Student Journals.
publisher: SJC Publishers Company Limited
language: en
publication name: SJ Public Health Africa
issn: 3007-5688
copyright: The journal publishes under the Attribution-Noncommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 international (CCBY-NC-ND 4.0) license which allows you to Share, Copy and redistribute the materials in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms; Attribution: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. Non-commercial: You may not use the material for commercial purposes. Commercial use is one primarily intended for commercial advantage or monetary compensation. No Derivatives: if you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material. No additional restrictions: You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
items: Socio-cultural factors that influence the utilization of condoms among the youths of Imile Village in Midigo Town Council, Yumbe district. A cross-sectional study.
items: Knowledge, attitude and practices towards malaria prevention and control among adult patients in Apac General Hospital (OPD), Apac District. A cross-sectional study.
items: Knowledge, attitude and practice on personal hygiene among students of Maruzi Secondary School, Apac District. A cross-sectional study.
items: Factors influencing the waiting time of clients attending services at Kitgum General Hospital, Kitgum district. A cross-sectional study.
items: The influence of community participation in problem identification on the sustainability of malaria projects in Juba City, South Sudan. A cross-sectional study.
items: Effect of project management practices and implementation of HIV projects in the aid support organization, South Sudan. Across-sectional study
items: Decentralization and Public health services delivery in Juba County, Central Equatorial State, South Sudan. A cross-sectional study.
items: Factors contributing to high teenage pregnancy among teenagers aged 15-19 years at Kawaala health center IV, Kampala district. A cross-sectional study.
items: Individual factors affecting waste disposal by community members of Ihunga sub-county, Ntungamo district. A cross-sectional study.
items: Health facility related determinants of health seeking behavior among the youth aged 14-18 years attending kasozi health centre iii, wakiso district-A cross-sectional study.
items: Personal and Socio-economic factors affecting prevention and control of occupational Health hazards by health workers, in Maddu Health Centre IV, in Gomba District. A cross-sectional study.
items: KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES TOWARDS COMPREHENSIVE SEXUAL EDUCATION AMONG STUDENTS IN MAKINDYE SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL, WAKISO DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
items: MOST AFFECTED AGE WITH DIABETES MELLITUS AMONG HIV PATIENTS ATTENDING THE ART CLINIC AT MBALE REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
items: SOCIAL-RELATED FACTORS INFLUENCING LOW CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING UPTAKE AMONG WOMEN AGED 25-35 YEARS AT MUKONO GENERAL HOSPITAL. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
items: PREVALENCE OF HIV/AIDS AMONG YOUTHS AGED 15-35 AT BUSHENYI HEALTH CENTER IV, BUSHENYI DISTRICT. A CROSS-SSECTIONAL STUDY.
items: PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS AMONG HIV PATIENTS BETWEEN 15 - 35 YEARS ATTENDING RUKUNYU HOSPITAL, KAMWENGE DISTRICT.A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
items: PREVALENCE AND KNOWLEDGE OF PULMONARY TUBERCLOSIS AMONG PRISON INMATES AT MALUKHU GOVERNMENT PRISON, MBALE CITY, EASTERN, UGANDA. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
items: HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT AT BUMANYA HCIV, KALIRO DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
items: THE AGE-SPECIFIC PREVALENCE OF TYPHOID FEVER AND ASSOCIATED INDIVIDUAL FACTORS AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING THE OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT AT BUSHENYI HEALTH CENTRE IV. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
items: RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERGLYCEMIA IN HIV PATIENTS ON DTG-BASED ART REGIMEN RECEIVING CARE AT JINJA REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
items: Factors influencing self-medication among residents of Nakisunga village, Mukono district. A cross-sectional study.
items: KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES TOWARDS ORAL HEALTHCARE AMONG PATIENTS AGED 18 YEARS IN ENTEBBE GENERAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL.A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
items: FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO DENTAL CARIES AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING DENTAL CLINIC AT SOROTI REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL IN SOROTI DISTRICT.
items: FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR ADHERENCE TO ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS MEDICATION AMONG PATIENTS AGED 20-70 YEARS ATTENDING TB CLINIC AT HOIMA REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL; A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY.
items: KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES TOWARDS ORAL HEALTHCARE AMONG PATIENTS AGED 18 YEARS AND ABOVE ATTENDING THE DENTAL CLINIC AT ENTEBBE GENERAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL; A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
items: PREVALANCE AND FACTORS OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION AMONG ADOLESCENT STUDENTS OF WAMATOVU MUSLIM SEED SECONDARY SCHOOL IN MPINGI DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
items: Level of COVID-19 vaccine uptake and associated factors among adults in Kayunga police barracks. A cross-sectional study.
items: MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY AND METHODS. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN BENADIR HOSPITALS IN MOGADISHU, SOMALIA.
items: INDIVIDUAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE OCCURRENCE OF TYPHOID FEVER AMONG ADULTS ATTENDING BAY REGIONAL HOSPITAL IN BAIDOA DISTRICT, SOMALIA. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
items: FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO POOR HEALTH CARE WASTE MANAGEMENT AMONG HEALTH WORKERS IN DOKOLO, HC IV-A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Socio-cultural factors that influence the utilization of condoms among the youths of Imile Village in Midigo Town Council, Yumbe district. A cross-sectional study.
type: item
description: Background: The study aimed to identify the socio-cultural factors that influence the utilization of condoms among the youths of Imile Village in Midigo Town Council, Yumbe district. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among youths aged 18–35 in Imile Village, Yumbe District, to assess condom utilization and associated factors. A sample of 54 respondents was determined using Burton’s formula and selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using pretested structured questionnaires via interviews. Quality control included pretesting and training of assistants. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and presented in tables and charts. Ethical considerations such as informed consent, confidentiality, and voluntary participation were ensured throughout the study period. Results: The majority were aged 23–27 years, 21 (38.9%), followed by those aged 28–32 years, 15 (27.8%), 18–23 years, 11 (20.4%), and 33–37 years, 7 (13.0%). In terms of sex, most respondents were male, 31 (57.4%), while females were 23 (42.6%). Cultural values showed a balanced effect, with 27 (50.0%) respondents agreeing that they discourage condom use and an equal proportion disagreeing. Regarding religious beliefs, the majority, 30 (55.6%), reported that religion did not influence their condom-use decisions, while 24 (44.4%) acknowledged its influence. Peer influence emerged as the most significant factor, with 33 (61.1%) of respondents agreeing that peers affect their decision to use condoms, compared to 21 (38.9%) who disagreed. Conclusion: Condom utilization among youths in Imile Village is negatively influenced by strong peer pressure and mixed cultural and religious beliefs. Recommendation: The District Health Office should engage community and religious leaders to publicly endorse condom use as responsible behavior in order to reduce cultural and social resistance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Condom utilization
  topic: keywords
subject: Youths
  topic: keywords
subject: Socio-cultural factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Peer influence
  topic: keywords
subject: Religious beliefs
  topic: keywords
subject: Imile Village
  topic: keywords
creator: Walter Wama
creator: John Paul Kibirige
creator: George Masete
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Walter Wama, John Paul Kibirige, George Masete (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
doi: 10.51168/20835255

Knowledge, attitude and practices towards malaria prevention and control among adult patients in Apac General Hospital (OPD), Apac District. A cross-sectional study.
type: item
description: Background: Malaria is a severe disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which are transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to malaria prevention and control among adult patients attending the Outpatient Department of Apac General Hospital in Apac District. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study design employing both quantitative and qualitative approaches was used. Data were gathered from 60 adult patients using simple random sampling using a structured questionnaire, and the analysis was conducted with Microsoft Excel 2013. Results: All 100% respondents had heard of malaria, and almost all 97% knew its mode of transmission. Meanwhile, knowledge of curability was also strong (93 % believed malaria is curable). Attitudinally, 73 % agreed on the importance of antimalarial adherence, and 100 % viewed prevention positively and 65 % regularly used insect‑treated nets (ITNs) while 7 % never did; 55 % eliminated stagnant water daily (8 % never); 86 % sought medical care for fever (2 % used traditional remedies); 73 % inspected homes for breeding sites; and 68 % used repellents this indicated positive attitude. These figures generally exceed those reported in comparable regional studies, though small gaps persist among non‑users. Conclusion: Respondents showed good knowledge of malaria signs, transmission, and prevention. Most had positive attitudes toward malaria control and community participation. Preventive practices like ITN use and timely treatment were generally followed. Recommendation: The MoH should enhance public health campaigns on malaria prevention and early treatment. The DHO should provide ongoing training and supervision for health workers. Hospitals should support patients in preventive practices and encourage community engagement.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Malaria prevention
  topic: keywords
subject: Knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: Attitude and Practices
  topic: keywords
subject: Insecticide-treated nets
  topic: keywords
subject: Apac District
  topic: keywords
creator: Innocent Epur
creator: Ronald Awoi
creator: Denis Obong
creator: Filder Monica Odella
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Innocent Epur, Ronald Awoi , Denis Obong, Filder Monica Odella (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 9
ending page: 9
doi: 10.51168/1akpbd74

Knowledge, attitude and practice on personal hygiene among students of Maruzi Secondary School, Apac District. A cross-sectional study.
type: item
description: Background: Personal hygiene is crucial for preventing disease and promoting health among school-going adolescents. However, hygiene-related illnesses remain prevalent in many Ugandan schools. This study assessed the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) of personal hygiene among students at Maruzi Seed Secondary School in Apac district. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 136 Senior One students, selected via simple random sampling. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire covering socio-demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and presented using descriptive statistics. Findings: The study revealed that while a majority of students demonstrated good foundational knowledge of hygiene, critical gaps existed in specific areas such as menstrual health and worm infestation. Attitudes were mixed; students felt personally responsible for their hygiene, yet this was undermined by significant gender-based misconceptions and the belief that a lack of facilities justified poor practices. A clear theory-practice gap was observed: knowledge often failed to translate into consistent action, particularly in the use of soap for handwashing and twice-daily toothbrushing. Inadequate access to hygiene materials was a key barrier. Conclusion: Students possess basic hygiene knowledge, but this is insufficient to drive optimal practices due to attitudinal barriers and resource constraints. The study concludes that improving hygiene requires a coordinated approach that addresses knowledge gaps, transforms harmful attitudes, and improves access to essential hygiene resources. Recommendations: Targeted health education, reliable provision of soap and sanitary products, and school-wide campaigns to address misconceptions are recommended to bridge the identified gaps. School nurses should move beyond assessing illness to routinely conducting KAP assessments on hygiene to iden…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: Attitude
  topic: keywords
subject: Practice
  topic: keywords
subject: Personal hygiene
  topic: keywords
subject: Maruzi Seed Secondary School
  topic: keywords
creator: Jacob Esanu
creator: Mrs. Margret Odongwen
creator: Ronald Awoi
creator: Filder Monica Odela
creator: Denis Obong
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jacob Esanu, Mrs. Margret Odongwen, Ronald Awoi, Filder Monica Odela, Denis Obong (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-04
publication date: 2026-05-04
starting page: 10
ending page: 10
doi: 10.51168/wb6jsk63

Factors influencing the waiting time of clients attending services at Kitgum General Hospital, Kitgum district. A cross-sectional study.
type: item
description: Background: Patient waiting time remains a persistent challenge worldwide. Waiting time is defined as the total duration a patient spends in a healthcare facility, from registration to receipt of the required service. The study aims to determine the client-related factors and facility-related factors influencing waiting time at Kitgum General Hospital. Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional design. Participants were selected through simple random sampling, and data collection was done using self-administered questionnaires, direct observation, and document review. The collected data was first analysed manually using paper and pen tallying, after which the researcher presented it in tables, graphs, and pie charts generated in Microsoft Excel version 2013. Results: The highest percentage of 33.3% (N=10) of the respondents was in the age group of 31-40 years. The majority had ever been treated in a facility 17(56.7%). Most respondents arrived at the OPD between 7:00 am and 8:00 am 14(46.7%). Most rated the time spent at the facility as too long, 16(53.3%). The most sought treatment for fever was 12(40.0%). The majority were taken for investigation after seeing the doctor, 22(73.3%). The majority reported that workers were not available 20(68.0%). Most stated that staff shortage was not reported, 16(55.0%). The majority indicated that there was no long diagnostic testing time 19(65.0%). Most respondents reported that guidance to service points was provided 18(60.0%). Conclusion: Age and gender were the client-related factors most strongly associated with waiting time. On the facility side, shortage and unavailability of health workers were the main causes of delay. Recommendations: To minimise waiting time, the hospital should strengthen staffing, improve triage efficiency, and enhance nurses’ training. Clients should also be guided immediately upon arrival to ensure faster service delivery.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Client-related factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Facility-related factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Waiting time
  topic: keywords
subject: Kitgum General Hospital
  topic: keywords
creator: Patrick Wokorach
creator: John Anywar
creator: Ronald Awoi
creator: Filder Monica Odella
creator: Denis Obong
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Patrick Wokorach, John Anywar, Ronald Awoi, Filder Monica Odela, Denis Obong (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-05-04
publication date: 2026-05-04
doi: 10.51168/gyzbr249

The influence of community participation in problem identification on the sustainability of malaria projects in Juba City, South Sudan. A cross-sectional study.
type: item
description: Background Community participation in identifying health problems is a foundational principle for sustainable community health projects. This study examines the effect of problem identification on the sustainability of the Local Malaria Project (LMP) in Juba City, South Sudan. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed, using a quantitative method approach. The study involved 291 respondents, including household heads, selected via simple random sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires, focus group discussions (FGDs), and key informant interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and regression. Results The respondents were relatively literate, with 61% having attained at least secondary education. The primary occupation was peasant farming (36.1%). While the needs assessment was effectively guided by the County Health Department (CHD) and malaria was prioritized as the top health concern (74% agreement), direct community participation in consultation meetings was low (mean scores 2.2-2.8). A significant, moderate positive correlation was found between problem identification and sustainability (r = 0.423, p < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that problem identification accounted for 17.8% of the variance in project sustainability. Conclusion The process of problem identification was more externally facilitated than community-led, resulting in a weak foundation for local ownership and limiting its contribution to long-term sustainability. Recommendations Implement more inclusive, community-led consultation processes from the outset to build genuine ownership and strengthen the sustainability of health interventions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Community Participation
  topic: keywords
subject: Problem Identification
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: Malaria Control
  topic: keywords
subject: South Sudan
  topic: keywords
creator: Peter Mut Liep Dhoal
creator: Gerald Kabuye
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Peter Mut Liep Dhoal , Dr. Gerald Kabuye (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-30
publication date: 2025-10-30
starting page: 8
ending page: 8
doi: 10.51168/x3qp8t57

Effect of project management practices and implementation of HIV projects in the aid support organization, South Sudan. Across-sectional study
type: item
description: Background This study sought to investigate the effect of project management practices and the implementation of HIV projects in the aid support organization in South Sudan. Methodology The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional study design. A population of 210 was targeted. The respondents were the project managers who were the main custodians of information on each project, stratified either in the TASO main office or the field staff offices. Results (50%) were married, 35% were single. The largest number of respondents felt that project planning specified project goals and objectives, as supported by a mean of 3.968 with a standard deviation of 0.994. The majority of the respondents had a strong opinion that monitoring and evaluation were not practiced in the county, as supported by a mean of 2.023 with a standard deviation of 1.021. More than 50% of the respondents were in agreement that projects took care of users’ needs in all outcomes, as supported by a mean of 3.894 with a standard deviation of 0.817. The respondent could not remember whether the project. The coefficient of correlation R was 0.67, an indication of a strong positive correlation between the variables. Project planning, stakeholder participation, monitoring, and evaluation significantly influenced the implementation of TASO projects in South Sudan. Conclusions Project planning was not practiced, and therefore, the organization executives were not able to monitor progress towards attaining the goal. Stakeholders were not involved in the project implementation, and therefore, they did not assume some measure of responsibility during the system initiation. Recommendations The study also recommends that the project managers should define all the project processes and create a communication matrix in the project planning.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Project management practices
  topic: keywords
subject: Implementation of HIV projects
  topic: keywords
subject: The aid support organization
  topic: keywords
subject: South Sudan
  topic: keywords
creator: Isaiah Tut
creator: Gearld Kabuye
creator: kateregga salongo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Isaiah Tut, Gearld Kabuye, Dr. Katerega Salongo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-30
publication date: 2025-10-30
starting page: 12
ending page: 12
doi: 10.51168/s8dp7k05

Decentralization and Public health services delivery in Juba County, Central Equatorial State, South Sudan. A cross-sectional study.
type: item
description: Background Decentralization aims to improve efficiency, accountability, and access to essential health services through the transfer of decision-making authority from central to local governments. The study sought to determine the effects of decentralization on public health services delivery in Juba County, Central Equatorial State, South Sudan. Methodology A descriptive research design was employed, involving 150 respondents drawn from public health users, health students, staff, partners, and local authorities. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis using SPSS Version 24. Results The majority (60%) were aged between 18 and 30 years, and 57% of respondents were female. Administrative decentralization had a moderate positive and significant correlation with public health service delivery (r = 0.506, p < 0.05), accounting for 31.3% of the variance (R² = 0.313). Fiscal decentralization showed a strong positive relationship (r = 0.690, p < 0.05), explaining 47.6% of the variation (R² = 0.476), while political decentralization demonstrated the strongest positive correlation (r = 0.711, p < 0.05) and explained 50.5% of the variance (R² = 0.505). Conclusion The study established that decentralization positively influences health service delivery when adequately supported by local capacity and fiscal accountability. Recommendation The government should strengthen local governance structures, increase funding for county health systems, enhance transparency, and promote participatory decision-making to achieve equitable and efficient public health services.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Decentralization
  topic: keywords
subject: Public health service delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: Juba County
  topic: keywords
subject: South Sudan
  topic: keywords
creator: Kidi Samuel R. Kulang
creator: Richard Semanda
creator: kateregga salongo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kidi Samuel R. Kulang, Richard Semanda, Dr. Katerega Salongo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-30
publication date: 2025-10-30
starting page: 14
ending page: 14
doi: 10.51168/6483s712

Factors contributing to high teenage pregnancy among teenagers aged 15-19 years at Kawaala health center IV, Kampala district. A cross-sectional study.
type: item
description: Background. Teenage pregnancy countrywide is growing rapidly among school-going pupils, and it leads to teenagers dropping out of school to care for their babies. This study determined the factors contributing to high teenage pregnancies among teenagers aged 15-19 years attending Kawaala Health Centre IV. Methodology. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study by design, and it employed quantitative data collection methods. A simple random sampling method was used to select 30 pregnant mothers for the study. A questionnaire was used to collect data that was analyzed manually, and the results were presented in the form of tables, graphs, and pie charts. Results. (60%) Of the respondents were aged 17-19 years, (53.3%) had a primary level of education, and (40%) were married. The cultural factors identified were (66.7%) lack of parental guidance, (70%) peer pressure, (63.3%) sexual harassment and (60%) myths and misconceptions, socio-economic factors identified were (66.7%) poverty, (86.7%) lack of access to the health facility and (20%) misuse of media, individual factors identified were lack of knowledge about contraception (60%) and peer pressure (40%). Conclusion. The established factors were: Lack of knowledge about contraception, peer pressure, sexual harassment, myths and misconceptions, poverty, lack of access to the health facility, misuse of media, and lack of parental guidance. Recommendation. Ministries should establish an approach that is more holistic to equip the teenagers with appropriate knowledge on sexuality and access to sexual and reproductive health services, rather than traditional coaching approaches that focus on improving sexual ability, attitudes, and norms.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Teenage pregnancy
  topic: keywords
subject: Adolescents aged 15-19 years
  topic: keywords
subject: Kawaala Health Center
  topic: keywords
subject: Kampala district
  topic: keywords
creator: Majorine Nannono
creator: Nelson Kakande
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Majorine Nannono, Mr. Nelson Kakande (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-30
publication date: 2025-10-30
starting page: 12
ending page: 12
doi: 10.51168/p7qb7p87

Individual factors affecting waste disposal by community members of Ihunga sub-county, Ntungamo district. A cross-sectional study.
type: item
description: Background Financial rewards and awareness related to the recycling benefits, and available community support were found to be critical drivers of Solid Waste Segregation and Recycling. The study aims to determine the individual factors affecting waste disposal by community members of the Ihunga sub-county, Ntungamo district. Methodology A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used and it will utilize the quantitative method of data collection. The sample size consisted of 40 respondents who were selected from the community members of the Ihunga Sub-county in Ntungamo District using a random sampling method. Results The female percentage of 57.5% of respondents was higher. Most respondents were between the ages of 31-35 years. All (100%) of the respondents did not have waste bins in their homes. 60% of the respondents had rubbish pits where they collect waste that decays and when the rubbish pits are full, they empty them to the plantations and work as manure. 40% of the respondents threw waste anywhere. 8, 80% of female respondents were willing to pay for improved waste disposal.7 0% of the respondents reported that urbanization has increased waste in the community, while, 30% of the respondents reported that they didn’t agree with the waste disposal policies. Conclusions The most significant factors affecting waste disposal by community members were knowledge about proper waste disposal management, urbanization, and failure to pay for improved waste disposal services. Recommendations Community members should now think of paying for waste disposal services, especially for plastics that do not decay to avoid pollution to the environment and water bodies Households should get containers where to collect the plastics and take them for recycling.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Individual factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Waste disposal community members
  topic: keywords
subject: Ihunga sub-county
  topic: keywords
subject: Ntungamo district
  topic: keywords
creator: FELEX MUHUMUZA
creator: DONATUS KIMERA
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FELEX MUHUMUZA, DONATUS KIMERA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-21
publication date: 2025-10-21
starting page: 9
ending page: 9
doi: 10.51168/y8fkpj65

Health facility related determinants of health seeking behavior among the youth aged 14-18 years attending kasozi health centre iii, wakiso district-A cross-sectional study.
type: item
description: Background: Globally, 311,000 people die in low-income countries due to challenges with health-seeking behaviors, whereas 82% of the youths in Uganda do not seek health services even when they need to. This study, therefore, aims at establishing the health facility-related determinants of health-seeking behavior among the youth aged 14-18 years attending Kasozi Health Centre III, Wakiso District. Methodology: The study employed a cross-sectional study using a quantitative method of data collection. A sample of 30 respondents was selected using a simple random sampling method. Data were collected using a questionnaire, analyzed, and presented in the form of tables, graphs, and pie charts. Results: Findings show that the highest number (47%) of the participants used vehicles to access the facility, which was about three kilometers from their residential areas. (9.3%) Of the participants reported that the government health facilities in their areas are open 7 days a week, (40%) of the participants took about two hours to receive medical care when they were in the government facility, and (53%) reported that there are a fair attitude and communication between the patients and health care providers. Conclusion: The health facilities were distant from the areas of residence of the youths, therefore making it hard to access health services. Even when at government health facilities, there was a delay in accessing health services. Recommendation: Youths should be encouraged to seek health care at the health facility and given a conducive atmosphere to open up.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Health facility related determinants
  topic: keywords
subject: Health seeking behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: Youths
  topic: keywords
subject: Kasozi Health Centre III
  topic: keywords
creator: Harriet Nabagereka
creator: Sr. Bernadette Nalubuga
creator: Janefrances Namuddu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Harriet Nabagereka, Sr. Bernadette Nalubuga, Rev. Sr. Janefrances Namuddu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-29
publication date: 2026-01-29
starting page: 10
ending page: 10
doi: 10.51168/518qzg97

Personal and Socio-economic factors affecting prevention and control of occupational Health hazards by health workers, in Maddu Health Centre IV, in Gomba District. A cross-sectional study.
type: item
description: Background. Worldwide, about 10 million occupational accidents happen every year. Adoption of safer working practices, improvement of safety systems, and changes in behavioral and management practices can reduce occupational health hazards. This study aimed at assessing the Personal and Socio-economic factors affecting the prevention and control of occupational Health hazards by health workers, in Maddu Health Centre IV in Gomba District. Methodology. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was adopted, employing a quantitative method of data collection. A sample of 30 respondents was selected using the Convenience sampling technique. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 18, and results were presented in the form of frequency tables, graphs, and pie charts. Results. Majority 12(40%) of the respondents were aged 20 -25 years, 17(56.7%) of the respondents were female, 15(50%) of the respondents were Nurses / Midwives. 16(53%) of the respondents were trained in preventing and controlling occupational health hazards, 10(62.5%) of the respondents said we use a disinfectant, and we clean the equipment. 16(53.3%) of the respondents said “No” had no precautions in place for handling chemicals in the health facility to prevent burns and scads, 20(67%) of the respondents said there was no money to buy fire extinguishers to put out fires in case of a fire outbreak in the health facility and 25(83.3%) of the respondents said the health facility has no resources allocated for policy implementation on occupational hazards. Conclusion. The established personal and socio-economic factors were: Age, carder, gender, level of training on occupational health hazards, and Insufficient funding and resources. Recommendations. The Ministry of Health should develop targeted educational programs for health workers to enhance their knowledge about prevention strategies for occupational health hazards.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Occupational health hazards
  topic: keywords
subject: Health workers
  topic: keywords
subject: Prevention and control
  topic: keywords
subject: Personal factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Socio-economic factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Maddu Health Centre IV
  topic: keywords
subject: Gomba District
  topic: keywords
creator: MARGARET NABUKEERA
creator: Jane Namukwaya
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Margaret Nabukeera, Sr. Jane Namukwaya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-01-26
publication date: 2026-01-26
starting page: 13
ending page: 13
doi: 10.51168/8rz20g46

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES TOWARDS COMPREHENSIVE SEXUAL EDUCATION AMONG STUDENTS IN MAKINDYE SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL, WAKISO DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
type: item
description: Background Comprehensive sex education is an education program involving equipping methods, materials, and information to individuals on issues concerning human sexuality. The study aims to assess the Knowledge, attitude, and practices towards comprehensive sexual education among students in Makindye Senior Secondary School, Wakiso district Methodology The study was conducted through a descriptive cross-sectional study design on students of Makindye Semi-structured questionnaires written in English language were used to capture the relevant data during a face-to-face interview with the participants. Data was systematically analyzed manually by use of tally sheets and entered in the Excel computer program to generate tables, graphs, and pie charts. Results (58%) were females, (42%) were males. (60%) knew HIV/AIDS prevention as the component of comprehensive sexual education (80%) reported through unprotected sex as one way through which. (58%) reported the use of condoms as one way through which STDs (70%) knew condoms as contraceptive methods (34%) knew breast developments in girls as physical changes. (52%) perceived comprehensive sexual education as very important. (74%) agreed that teachers should openly discuss CSE at school. (52%) agreed that they were sexually active whereas. (56%) reported that they had never gone for HIV counseling and testing voluntarily. (39%) reported that they feared positive results as the reason why had never gone for testing for HIV counseling and testing voluntarily at school. Conclusion Knowledge and attitude towards comprehensive sexual education were worthy and agreeable but practices were deprived because they irregularly have comprehensive sexual education at school. Recommendations The Ministry of Education and Sports should set and implement an appropriate model of CSE that is client-initiated, youth-friendly, and accessible to secondary students.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: Attitude
  topic: keywords
subject: Practices
  topic: keywords
subject: Comprehensive sexual education
  topic: keywords
creator: Mark Dembe
creator: Amiri Were
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Mark Dembe, Amiri Were (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-08-22
publication date: 2024-08-22
starting page: 13
ending page: 13
doi: 10.51168/kvdbyn68

MOST AFFECTED AGE WITH DIABETES MELLITUS AMONG HIV PATIENTS ATTENDING THE ART CLINIC AT MBALE REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
type: item
description: Background The coexistence of HIV infection and diabetes mellitus has become a growing concern in recent years which may be linked to different risk factors like age. The study aims to determine the age most affected with Diabetes mellitus among HIV patients. Methodology The study employed a cross-sectional study design using a structured patient data form to collect quantitative data from 234 respondents attending the ART clinic at Mbale Regional Referral Hospital in Eastern Uganda. Both males and females were included in the study. Results The ages most affected by DM among PLWH was 23-27yrs at 7/36 a prevalence of (19%). Prevalence of DM among <18yrs was 2/25(8%), Prevalence among 18-22yrs was 4/44(9%), Prevalence among 23-27yrs was 7/36(19%), Prevalence among 28-32yrs was 5/48(10%), Prevalence among 33-37yrs was 4/34(12%) and Prevalence among >37yrs was7/47(15%). For patients who did not have DM, 23/25(92%) were <18yrs, 40/44(91%) were 18-22yrs, 29/36(81%) were 23-27yrs, 43/48(90%) were 28-32yrs, 30/34(88%) were 33-37yrs while 40/47(85%) were >37yrs. Conclusion The occurrence of Diabetes mellitus a co-morbidity among PLWH was evenly distributed across all age groups with minimal prevalence differences with no significant influx in a particular age group. Recommendation More scientific studies should be carried out to ascertain whether age has a significant relationship with the occurrence of DM among people living with HIV.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Co-morbidity among PLWH
  topic: keywords
subject: Mbale Regional Referral Hospital
  topic: keywords
subject: DM among PLWH
  topic: keywords
creator: IDDI BASHIR MUKHOLI
creator: MARGRET NAKALEMA
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 IDDI BASHIR MUKHOLI , Margret Nakalema (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-05-02
publication date: 2024-05-02
starting page: 4
ending page: 4
doi: 10.51168/8g20fz82

SOCIAL-RELATED FACTORS INFLUENCING LOW CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING UPTAKE AMONG WOMEN AGED 25-35 YEARS AT MUKONO GENERAL HOSPITAL. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
type: item
description: Background: Cervical cancer screening is a medical screening test designed to identify abnormal potentially precancerous cells within the cervix as well as cells that have progressed to the early stages of cervical cancer. The study aims to assess Social-related factors influencing low cervical cancer screening uptake among women Aged 25-35 Years. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out among women of reproductive age between 25-35 years attending the family planning clinic at Mukono Hospital, Mukono district. Results: worried about going for a cervical cancer screening, education level, low access to health facilities, low socioeconomic status, and fear of bad results were the main social-related factors influencing low cervical cancer screening uptake among women. 17/30(56.7%) indicated that they were worried about going for a cervical cancer screening test. The majority 27/30(90%) agreed that the education level of women influences the uptake of cervical cancer screening. On why rural women are less likely to seek CaCx screening services, the majority 18/30(60%) said they have low access to health facilities while the minority 5/30(16.7%) said poverty prevents them from seeking healthcare services regularly. All respondents 30/30(100%) agreed that low socioeconomic status affects CaCx screening. Conclusion: The majority of respondents were worried about undergoing cervical cancer screening. In addition, low education levels and low socioeconomic status also hurt the uptake of cervical cancer screening. The study also discovered that the majority of the women feared a bad result. Recommendation: There should be continuous sensitization of the population about the benefits of cervical cancer screening to ensure a positive change in attitude among the population. Health workers should always provide enough information to patients about their conditions to avoid speculations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cervical cancer screening
  topic: keywords
subject: Family planning
  topic: keywords
subject: Women of reproductive age
  topic: keywords
subject: Mukono General Hospital
  topic: keywords
creator: EVERLYNE AGUTI
creator: MILTON SSENKAYI
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Everlyne Aguti , Milton Ssenkayi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-05-07
publication date: 2024-05-07
starting page: 8
ending page: 8
doi: 10.51168/wekk4s25

PREVALENCE OF HIV/AIDS AMONG YOUTHS AGED 15-35 AT BUSHENYI HEALTH CENTER IV, BUSHENYI DISTRICT. A CROSS-SSECTIONAL STUDY.
type: item
description: Background: The Study aims to investigate the prevalence of HIV/AIDS among youths aged 15 to 35 at Bushenyi Health Center IV, Bushenyi district. Methodology: The study used a cross-sectional study design. Participants were selected using a random sampling method and a sample of 84 participants was obtained. The study used a questionnaire that contained closed-ended questions. Data was examined, categorized, and presented in summarized separate graphs, frequency tables, percentages, and measurements of the mean using Microsoft Excel 2013 using a computer. Results: The prevalence of HIV/aids among youths aged 15-35 at Bushenyi Health Center IV was 36(49%). majority 38(51%) of the youths were HIV negative while minority 36(49%) were HIV positive. majority 74(88.1%) of the youths had tested for HIV/AIDs while the minority 10(11.9%) had never tested. Most of the youths 25(33.9%) had tested 3 time, followed by 21(28%) tested 2 times, 15(20.1%) tested 4 times and above and least 13(17.6%) had tested once. For the risk factors, the majority 72(85.7%) of youth had sexual intercourse before while the minority 12(14.3%) had never. The majority 39(54.2%) never used condoms, 20(27%) used condoms for sometimes while the minority 13(18%) always used condoms. Lastly, the majority 47(56%) had more than one partner, followed by 25(29.7%) had only one partner while the minority 12(14.3%) had none. Conclusion: The knowledge of HIV among the youths was slightly low. The sexually active age was mostly affected (15-22 years). The general prevalence of HIV among the youth in Bushenyi H/C IV was 9.5% among the youths who were sampled. The prevalence was slightly higher in female youths (6%) as compared to males who had (3.5%). Recommendation: Mass education should be given to the youths on issues concerning the risk factors for HIV, the infected youths should be introduced to ART clinics as early as possible.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Immune Virus
  topic: keywords
subject: Antiretroviral Therapy clinic
  topic: keywords
subject: Bushenyi Health Center IV
  topic: keywords
subject: Bushenyi District
  topic: keywords
creator: NICKSON TAYEBWA
creator: IVAN AWACH OGWAL
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 NICKSON TAYEBWA , Ivan Awach Ogwal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-05-07
publication date: 2024-05-07
starting page: 11
ending page: 11
doi: 10.51168/e900n429

PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS AMONG HIV PATIENTS BETWEEN 15 - 35 YEARS ATTENDING RUKUNYU HOSPITAL, KAMWENGE DISTRICT.A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
type: item
description: Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a viral infection comprised by the presence of hepatic leucocytes HBVs in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes. Hepatitis B viral infection attacks the liver and causes acute and chronic disease. Method A cross-sectional study was carried out at Rukunyu Hospital Kamwenge to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among HIV patients aged 15 - 35 years old on 111 respondents. Quantitative data collection was used, and the questionnaires were given to the consented participants to fill out for current data collection for new cases. A laboratory medical book register was requested from laboratory staff for old cases to find the prevalence of HBV. Results A total of 111 HIV patients were tested for HBV of which 23 HIV patients tested positive and 88 tested negative.Socio demographically, most of participants were females 63(56.8%) and males being 48(43.2%) Married participants being 61(55.0%) , single 27(24.3%) , divorced were 14(12.6%) participants and last being widow/widower 9(8.1%). The majority of the participants had started and reached at least in secondary level, however, some few were ongoing students and the prevalence of Hepatitis B virus among HIV patients was high in the age group of 26-30 years old. Conclusion The prevalence of Hepatitis B was highest among the ages of 26-30 years old, the prevalence and treatment challenges are still the biggest problem due to risk factors of HBV infection such as having multiple sex partners, sharing of clothes, blood transfusion, and intravenous injections seen to bring added risks. Recommendation As per the research study findings, there is a need for further research to be done such as setting up more health centers or hospitals to provide HBV screening among patients living with HIV to curb the HBV spread.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Prevalence
  topic: keywords
subject: Hepatitis B Virus
  topic: keywords
subject: HIV Patients
  topic: keywords
subject: Rukunyu Hospital
  topic: keywords
subject: Kamwenge District
  topic: keywords
creator: IVAN BYAMUKAMA
creator: AWACH OGWAL IVAN
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 IVAN BYAMUKAMA , AWACH OGWAL IVAN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-10-30
publication date: 2024-10-30
starting page: 8
ending page: 8
doi: 10.51168/fgyt3p58

PREVALENCE AND KNOWLEDGE OF PULMONARY TUBERCLOSIS AMONG PRISON INMATES AT MALUKHU GOVERNMENT PRISON, MBALE CITY, EASTERN, UGANDA. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
type: item
description: Background Globally, about 1.7 billion individuals globally harbor Tuberculosis infection and approximately (5-10) % may progress with TB in their lifetime, responsible for 1.3 million deaths worldwide. Objectives The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence and knowledge of pulmonary tuberculosis among prison inmates at Malukhu government prison, Mbale City, Eastern Uganda. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study that utilized quantitative methods of data collection with a duration of 21 days. 100 respondents were selected using a purposive sampling method. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data and involved closed-ended questions. The data collected was analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2013 and arranged in the form of pie charts, tables, and graphs. Results The prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among respondents was 10%. The knowledge of respondents about Tuberclosis was adequate, where the highest source of information about Tuberclosis was from health workers (70%), 75%of the respondents knew that tuberculosis is gotten from cigarette smoking, 95% is spread through sneezing and coughing for more than two weeks is a common sign (70%). The practices of respondents in the context of the study were 80%, were not cigarette smokers and 20% were cigarette smokers. Conclusion The knowledge and practices of respondents towards tuberculosis were adequate with prevalence being high among respondents aged 50-59 years (3%). Recommendations The government of Uganda through the /*Ministry of Health should continue with massive sensitization of Tuberculosis disease, spread, prevention, and treatment—furthermore, enforcement of TB screening in prisons. There is a need for prison Wardens to inform the prisoners to avoid practices like cigarette smoking to reduce the effects of tuberculosis.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pulmonary Tuberculosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Prison Inmates
  topic: keywords
subject: Malukhu Government Prison
  topic: keywords
subject: Mbale City
  topic: keywords
creator: WILSON WAKORA
creator: IVAN AWACH OGWAL
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 WILSON WAKORA , Ivan Awach Ogwal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-05-05
publication date: 2024-05-05
starting page: 8
ending page: 8
doi: 10.51168/c6bx9235

HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT AT BUMANYA HCIV, KALIRO DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
type: item
description: Background: A review of medical records in Bumanya revealed a large number of patients presenting with H. pylori infection-related complaints such as heartburn, bloating, gastric pain, loss of appetite, and nausea among others. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and associated factors among patients attending the Outpatient Department at Bumanya Health Centre IV, Kaliro district. Methodology: The study was a hospital-based cross-sectional study that targeted all patients present at the outpatient unit in Bumanya Health Centre IV, Kaliro district from June 2023 to July 2023. A total number of 90 participants was considered for the study and data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: There is a low prevalence (29%) of H. Pylori in patients attending the Outpatient Department. Out of the 90 respondents, 52(57.8%) were female and (42.2%) were male. 26(29%) tested positive for H.pylori whereas 64 (71%) were negative. The issue of factors associated with H.pylori, washing hands before preparing food was being practiced at a low rate, 77% got infections through not washing their hands when going to prepare food and only 23% washed their hands. Washing hands after using the latrine was practiced at a high rate with 73% who washed hands after using the latrine and 27% not. 50% had primary level as their highest level of education and the highest positive H. pylori infection, participants that had no education background with 15% and followed by the least numbers from tertiary noted by 12% Conclusion: Among the factors exposing patients to H. Pylori were poor hygiene, low level of education, and high level of unemployment. Recommendation: There is a need for more sensitization and education of people about H. Pylori disease such that the numbers do not go high.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Helicobacter pylori infection
  topic: keywords
subject: Outpatient Department
  topic: keywords
subject: Bumanya Health Centre IV
  topic: keywords
subject: Kaliro district
  topic: keywords
creator: FEISHAR TIGAWALANA
creator: EMMANUEL IMONGIT
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 FEISHAR TIGAWALANA, EMMANUEL IMONGIT (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-05-05
publication date: 2024-05-05
starting page: 9
ending page: 9
doi: 10.51168/n5zdmx23

THE AGE-SPECIFIC PREVALENCE OF TYPHOID FEVER AND ASSOCIATED INDIVIDUAL FACTORS AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING THE OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT AT BUSHENYI HEALTH CENTRE IV. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
type: item
description: Background Typhoid fever remains a major public health problem in many developing countries. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the prevalence of typhoid fever and its associated risk factors among patients attending OPD at Bushenyi Health Centre IV. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed in Bushenyi Health Centre IV and a quantitative study approach was conducted. Using a systematic random technique, a sample size of 100 respondents was selected. Data was collected using an administered questionnaire to obtain the socio-demographic characteristics and the individual-related factors. The laboratory procedure was also conducted for the diagnosis of typhoid fever in the admitted patients by collecting blood samples from them and sent in the laboratory for testing to determine the prevalence. Results The prevalence of typhoid fever was found to be 20%. The most affected age group by typhoid fever in the study was 15-24 years. Low-income status, use of contaminated water for domestic use, drinking unsafe water, improper disposal of human waste, and lack of health education for the people in the area were the most individual factors associated with the spread of typhoid fever. Conclusion The inability to pay for the treatment of the disease, fetching water for domestic use from unprotected wells and streams and open waste disposal with failure to get information about typhoid fever prevention contributed to the prevalence of typhoid fever among patients attending OPD at Bushenyi Health IV. Recommendations The Ministry of Health in Uganda and health service providers should encourage and implement health education about disease prevention & the importance of proper waste disposal and washing hands with soap.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fever
  topic: keywords
subject: Outpatient Department
  topic: keywords
subject: Bushenyi Health Centre IV
  topic: keywords
subject: Bushenyi District
  topic: keywords
creator: DICKSON BESIGYE
creator: TONNY OYO
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 DICKSON BESIGYE , TONNY OYO (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-05-11
publication date: 2024-05-11
starting page: 12
ending page: 12
doi: 10.51168/j5s1g253

RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERGLYCEMIA IN HIV PATIENTS ON DTG-BASED ART REGIMEN RECEIVING CARE AT JINJA REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
type: item
description: Background Increasing BMI, Central obesity, Lipodystrophy, Dyslipidemia, Metabolic syndrome, Increased baseline FBS, and ART medications as possible risk factors like hyperglycemia among PLWH. The study aims to assess the Risk Factors associated with hyperglycemia in HIV patients on a DTG-based ART regimen. Methodology A hospital-based cross-sectional study design. The study population included all adult PLWHIV initiated on a Dolutegravir-based ART regimen attending the ART clinic at JRRH in Eastern Uganda with a total of 96 Respondents. Results Physical inactivity and weight gain appeared to be the major risk factors associated with hyperglycemia in HIV patients on DTG-based ART regimens. The majority 90(93.8%) did not do physical exercise and the prevalence of hyperglycemia in that category was 18(94.7%). 66(68.8%) of the respondents registered weight gain with a prevalence rate of hyperglycemia at 16 (84.2%). 82(85.4%) have been on ART for more than 10 years and these had a prevalence rate of 9(47.4%) and 73(94.8%) of them had normal fasting blood glucose levels. 88(91.7%) had no family history of Type 2 DM and these had a DM prevalence of 15(79.0%). 84(87.5%) never smoked in their lifetime amongst them, and the prevalence of hyperglycemia among them was 15(78.9%). 88(91.7%) had never taken alcohol in their lifetime and had hyperglycemia prevalence among them was 17(89.5%). 53(55.2%) were males with 11(57.9%) prevalence and 43(44.8%) were females with hyperglycaemia prevalence of 8(42.1%). Conclusion The majority of HIV patients on DTG-based ART regimen receiving care at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital were predisposed to both lifestyle ART and related risk factors to hyperglycemia which could have cumulatively predisposed them. Recommendation More health education and sensitization campaigns should be conducted to raise awareness of the possible risk factors and measures for combating noncommunicable diseases like DM and HTN in all population categories.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Physical inactivity
  topic: keywords
subject: Dolutegravir-based ART regimen
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk Factors for hyperglycemia
  topic: keywords
creator: ANNET MUGOYA
creator: IVAN AWACH OGWAL
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 ANNET MUGOYA, Ivan Awach Ogwal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-05-02
publication date: 2024-05-02
starting page: 7
ending page: 7
doi: 10.51168/97b1at02

Factors influencing self-medication among residents of Nakisunga village, Mukono district. A cross-sectional study.
type: item
description: Background: The main purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and factors influencing self-medication among residents of Nakisunga village, Mukono District, Uganda. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 adult household members in Mukono District, from April 5 to May 5, 2017, and the respondents were interviewed during the study using the systematic random sampling method. A pre-tested, structured questionnaire was used for data collection using an interviewer-administered technique. Epi-Info version and SPSS version 22 were utilized for data entry and analysis, respectively. Results: Out of 100 respondents, 77% had ever done self-medication, and only 33% of respondents had not. Among these, women (52) used self-medication more than men (40), while 8 were not sure. Prevalence was also higher among people with low education levels (68) than those with a higher education level (32). Among the factors associated with self-medication, 60% of the health workers did not have enough drugs, while 40% had drugs. Most of the respondents (54) stated that the health facility was far from their homes. The majority (76) also agreed that the government should include policies and measures that prevent self-medication, and the minority (24 ) disagreed. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of self–medication among people, mostly among women than men. This was because of low education, the far distance of health facilities, and the low staffing of health facilities. Recommendation: The government should recruit more health workers at all levels of health facilities to prevent work overload and long waiting hours for patients. Community members should be encouraged to start community income-generating activities to boost their socio-economic status, thus being able to afford new drugs every time they become ill.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Self-medication
  topic: keywords
subject: Nakisunga village
  topic: keywords
subject: Mukono District
  topic: keywords
subject: Uganda
  topic: keywords
creator: SHARON BIGARURAHO
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 SHARON BIGARURAHO (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-21
publication date: 2025-10-21
starting page: 9
ending page: 9
doi: 10.51168/rxrnt841

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES TOWARDS ORAL HEALTHCARE AMONG PATIENTS AGED 18 YEARS IN ENTEBBE GENERAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL.A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
type: item
description: Introduction: Oral healthcare is maintaining the cleanliness of the mouth and taking care of the teeth and gum. The study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices toward oral healthcare among patients aged 18 years in Entebbe General Referral Hospital. Methodology: The study employed a cross-sectional study design to address the study's specific objectives on a sample of 30 respondents using the simple random technique. A semi-structured questionnaire was designed and used as a data collection tool. Results: From the study findings, 86% of the respondents knew about oral healthcare,40% of the respondents reported dentists as their source of information about oral healthcare 92% went for dental checkups to dentists,86% knew about dental caries and 68.9%gave correct responses about what the dental caries are, 28(93%) brushed their teeth in the morning and 2(7%) brushed their teeth both in the morning and in the evening. 92% reported that they knew the causes of dental caries and more than 60% gave the correct response about the cause of dental caries. Conclusion: Even though the respondents had good knowledge and positive attitudes toward oral healthcare, surprisingly they were at risk of contracting dental caries and other periodontal conditions because their oral healthcare practices were below the global recommendations and most of them used only toothbrushes to clean their teeth. Recommendations: The Ministry of Health should emphasize oral healthcare and dental care health education in health facilities; hospitals, camps, and community outreaches. This would at least ensure that the general public gets access to basic knowledge about oral healthcare; attitudes and practices can identify the signs and symptoms of oral health conditions as well as prevent them.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: Attitude
  topic: keywords
subject: Practices
  topic: keywords
subject: Oral Healthcare
  topic: keywords
subject: Entebbe General Referral Hospital
  topic: keywords
creator: ROSEMARY NABAWANUKA
creator: ALEX WAKOKO
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Rosemary Nabawanuka, Alex Wakoko (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-05-06
publication date: 2024-05-06
starting page: 9
ending page: 9
doi: 10.51168/rmabqg70

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO DENTAL CARIES AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING DENTAL CLINIC AT SOROTI REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL IN SOROTI DISTRICT.
type: item
description: Introduction Globally, dental caries affects 2 billion people worldwide, and good oral health is important to maintain proper functioning teeth, ensure good breath, and improve nutrition. The study aimed to assess the factors contributing to dental caries among patients attending a dental clinic at Soroti Regional Referral Hospital. The specific objectives is to assess the level of knowledge and dental carries prevention practices of patients attending dental clinic at SRRH Methodology A descriptive cross-sectional study design using a quantitative method of data collection was used to carry out the study. A sample of 130 respondents who were attending dental clinics was enrolled using a convenient sampling method. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaires and presented as descriptive data using frequency tables, pie charts, bar charts, and line graphs. Results The majority of respondents 71% were females. Respondents had moderate knowledge of dental caries as 102 (78.5%) respondents had ever heard about dental caries. 55.4% of respondents knew about dental flossing and the majority 64.6% knew that dental caries needed treatment. The practices were generally poor as the majority 88% of respondents had never flossed their teeth and the majority 74% didn’t regularly brush their teeth after every meal. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of dental caries and the majority supported that there is a need for treatment however most of the participants reported that there is no need for dental checkups. Recommendation There is a need to create more awareness about oral health. There is also a need to encourage regular brushing of teeth after every meal and also encourage dental checkups. In conclusion, there was a moderate level of knowledge towards dental caries among respondents but the practices towards oral care were poor.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dental Caries
  topic: keywords
subject: Dental checkups
  topic: keywords
subject: Soroti Regional Referral Hospitals
  topic: keywords
subject: Periodontal disease
  topic: keywords
subject: Oral hygiene
  topic: keywords
creator: MARGARET AKITUI
creator: LILIAN NAMPEERA
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 SJ Public Health Africa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-04-25
publication date: 2024-04-25
starting page: 15
ending page: 15
doi: 10.51168/9shn2y40

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR ADHERENCE TO ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS MEDICATION AMONG PATIENTS AGED 20-70 YEARS ATTENDING TB CLINIC AT HOIMA REGIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL; A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY.
type: item
description: Background: Aim: To establish the factors associated with poor adherence to anti-tuberculosis medication among patients aged 20-70 years attending the TB clinic at Hoima Regional Referral Hospital. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study design employing quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection was used to collect data from 100 respondents who were selected using a simple random sampling method. Data was collected through the use of a pretested questionnaire, analyzed manually using a tally sheet, and presented in tables, figures like pie charts, and bar graphs with frequencies and explanatory remarks. Results: The majority of the respondents 70(70%) were males and only 30(30%) were females. More than half, 53 (53%) of the respondents belonged to the age group of 31-40 years while only 06(06%) were in the age bracket of 20-30years. Most of the respondents, 45(45%) were Banyoro whilst only 08(08%) were Bakiga. Half of the respondents 50(50%) stated drug side effects as the reason for poor adherence to Anti-TB medications whilst only 7% mentioned other causes like adverse effects. The majority 70(70%) of the respondents revealed that long-distance contributed to poor adherence to Anti-TB medications while the minority 10(10%) of respondents were undecided. Conclusions: From this study, it was concluded that the most contributing factors to non-adherence to treatment were; distance to hospital 70 (70%), treatment side effects50 (50%), and feeling better after a short period of treatment 65(65%). Others were being single with no family support and being peasants was associated with low income. Recommendation: The City, region, and hospital authority should emphasize community-based outreach to promote interactions between the community and health workers to improve the knowledge about TB and the need to complete TB treatment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Poor adherence
  topic: keywords
subject: Anti-Tuberculosis medication
  topic: keywords
subject: Tuberculosis clinic
  topic: keywords
subject: Hoima Regional Referral Hospital
  topic: keywords
creator: TUSABE WYCLIFFE OKOL
creator: JOSEPHINE NASSAZI
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 TUSABE WYCLIFFE OKOL, JOSEPHINE NASSAZI (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-05-05
publication date: 2024-05-05
starting page: 9
ending page: 9
doi: 10.51168/4aaat925

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES TOWARDS ORAL HEALTHCARE AMONG PATIENTS AGED 18 YEARS AND ABOVE ATTENDING THE DENTAL CLINIC AT ENTEBBE GENERAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL; A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
type: item
description: Introduction: Oral healthcare is maintaining the cleanliness of the mouth and taking care of the teeth and gum. The purpose of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices toward oral healthcare among patients aged 18 years in Entebbe General Referral Hospital. Methodology: The study employed a cross cross-sectional study design to address the specific objectives of the study on a sample of 30 respondents using the simple random technique. A semi-structured questionnaire was designed and used as a data collection tool. Results: From the study findings, 86% of the respondents knew about oral healthcare, 40% of the respondents reported dentists as their source of information about oral healthcare 92% went for dental checkups to dentists, 86% knew about dental caries and 68.9%gave correct responses about what the dental caries are, 92% reported that they knew the causes of dental caries and more than 60% gave the correct response about the cause of dental caries. Conclusion: Even though the respondents had good knowledge and positive attitudes toward oral healthcare, surprisingly they were at risk of contracting dental caries and other periodontal conditions because their oral healthcare practices were below the global recommendations and most of them used only toothbrushes to clean their teeth. Recommendations: The Ministry of Health should emphasize oral healthcare and dental care health education in health facilities; hospitals, camps, and community outreaches. This would at least ensure that the general public gets access to basic knowledge about oral healthcare; attitudes and practices can identify the signs and symptoms of oral health conditions as well as prevent them.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: Attitude
  topic: keywords
subject: Practices
  topic: keywords
subject: Oral Healthcare
  topic: keywords
subject: Entebbe General Referral Hospital
  topic: keywords
creator: ROSEMARY NABAWANUKA
creator: ALEX WAKOKO
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 ROSEMARY NABAWANUKA, ALEX WAKOKO (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-05-04
publication date: 2024-05-04
starting page: 10
ending page: 10
doi: 10.51168/h0s79n71

PREVALANCE AND FACTORS OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION AMONG ADOLESCENT STUDENTS OF WAMATOVU MUSLIM SEED SECONDARY SCHOOL IN MPINGI DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
type: item
description: Background Urinary tract infection is the inflammatory condition of the urinary system produced by a range of microbes such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and many others. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infection among adolescent students of Wamatovu Muslim Seed Secondary School in Mpingi District. Methodology In a cross-sectional descriptive study design with a quantitative approach, the study population was based on all adolescent students of Wamatovu Muslim Seed secondary school in the Mpingi district. Results Majority of the respondents 75(75%) were female and 25(25%) were males. 85 (85%) have never suffered from UTI and only 15 (15%) have ever suffered from UTI. 60 (60%) had knowledge on UTI while 40(40%) didn’t have knowledge on UTI. 38(38%) reported poor personal hygiene as the pre-disposing factor to UTIs, 22 (22%) reported multiple sexual partners, 20(20%) didn’t know any, 16(16%) reported all the above and 4(4%) believed witchcraft factor. 30(30%) mentioned good personal hygiene, 25(25%) mentioned being with one sexual partner and 10 (10%) mentioned that taking water is a way of managing UTI. 50(50%) said they clean their toilet and bathrooms twice daily and at least 5(5%) said they never clean. 60 (60%) reported that they keep their underwear under the bed after washing, and the least 10 (10%) said they put it under the sun. Conclusion The prevalence of UTI infection was 15%, and the respondents had knowledge and preventive measures of Urinary tract infections. Recommendation Schools to improve the hygiene and add more water sources for students to access them easily. The government through the local health facilities sensitive women about the importance of personal hygiene and increased water intake in the reduction of urinary tract infection.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Prevalence and factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Urinary Tract Infection
  topic: keywords
subject: Adolescentstudents
  topic: keywords
subject: Wamatovu Muslim seed secondary school
  topic: keywords
creator: SHARIFAH NANYITI
creator: DAISY KIYINGI .N.
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 SHARIFAH NANYITI , DAISY KIYINGI .N. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-08-24
publication date: 2024-08-24
starting page: 9
ending page: 9
doi: 10.51168/as9b8x79

Level of COVID-19 vaccine uptake and associated factors among adults in Kayunga police barracks. A cross-sectional study.
type: item
description: Background The COVID-19 pandemic has affected more than 200 million people, causing loss of life and livelihood across the entire world, which accelerated the development of COVID-19 vaccines. Therefore, this research investigated the level of COVID-19 vaccine uptake and factors associated with the COVID-19 vaccine in Kayunga Police Barracks. Methods It was a cross-sectional study in which 100 respondents were interviewed. Multi-stage sampling was used to select respondents who were 18 years or older at the time of the visit. Quantitative data were collected and entered into Excel and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Odds ratios were used as the measure of association, with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Results A total of 100 respondents participated in this study. Most 48% (48%) of the study participants were in the age category of 18 to 30 years. The majority, 56% (56) ,were females, more than half of the participants, 55% (55), were educated, and almost 78% (78) were employed. About 39.2% of adults in Kayunga Police Barracks had not taken the COVID-19 vaccine. Most, 83% (83) of the respondents didn’t know the benefits of taking the COVID-19 vaccine, and 94% (94) didn’t know where to find a health center that manages cases of COVID-19. Findings confirm that adverse effects following immunization (AEFI), mistrust of authority, and perceived severity of COVID-19 symptoms are factors that were statistically significantly associated with adults not taking the COVID-19 vaccine. Conclusion 39.2%of adults in Kayunga Police Barracks had not been vaccinated against COVID-19, and factors, adverse effects following vaccination, mistrust in Authority, and perceived severity of COVID-19 symptoms, were the factors associated with low COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Kayunga Police Barracks. Recommendation Continuous Monitoring and Evaluation: Establish a robust monitoring and evaluation system to track vaccination rates and identify any emerging challenges or barriers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: COVID-19
  topic: keywords
subject: vaccine uptake
  topic: keywords
subject: Kayunga police barracks
  topic: keywords
creator: Lilian Nafuna
creator: Mutwalante Jeremiah Twa-Twa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lilian Nafuna , Dr. Twa-Twa Mutwalante Jeremiah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-21
publication date: 2025-10-21
starting page: 10
ending page: 10
doi: 10.51168/dfrzs376

MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY AND METHODS. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN BENADIR HOSPITALS IN MOGADISHU, SOMALIA.
type: item
description: Aim To identify the medical waste management policy and methods in Benadir Hospitals in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods A cross-sectional study with an observation method was used. This was suitable for this research since data for both (independent and dependent) variables were collected using the questionnaire and some key informant guides. Results It was interesting to note that most of the respondents (59/70; 84.3%) had separate containers (bins) for different types of waste and 54 (77.1%) were segregating medical wastes (Table 3). The wastes were separated into infectious (41.4%), hazardous waste (41.4%), non-hazardous recyclable (7.1%), and radioactive (7.1%) wastes. These wastes were stored in labeled general waste bins (36.1%), recycling bins (21.6%), sharps containers (15%), infectious waste cartons (14.4%), and hazardous chemical waste containers (12.4%). Conclusion Overall, 67.1% of the respondents were aware that the hospital had HCWM policies and procedures Approximately 22.9% of the respondents who admitted their lack of practice of source segregation of medical wastes in this study suggests that there is a lack of unison in the practice of waste segregation among the health care workers in Benadir Hospital. Recommendation It should be noted that the availability of clear national and healthcare facility policies that are up-to-date, comprehensive, and known to every health worker is vital for effective HCWM. There is a need to create awareness among healthcare workers on the proper management of the medical waste.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Waste
  topic: keywords
subject: Management Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Benadir Hospitals
  topic: keywords
subject: Mogadishu
  topic: keywords
subject: Somalia
  topic: keywords
creator: Shidane Osman Ayan
creator: David Serunjogi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 SJ Public Health Africa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-04-25
publication date: 2024-04-25
starting page: 11
ending page: 11
doi: 10.51168/ba919m63

INDIVIDUAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE OCCURRENCE OF TYPHOID FEVER AMONG ADULTS ATTENDING BAY REGIONAL HOSPITAL IN BAIDOA DISTRICT, SOMALIA. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
type: item
description: Aim. The study aims to determine the individual factors associated with the occurrence of Typhoid Fever among adults attending Bay Regional Hospital in Baidoa district, Somalia. Methods. A cross-sectional design was used in this study as it is the most relevant design when assessing the prevalence of diseases and it is particularly useful in informing the planning and allocation of health resources. Results. The results obtained indicated that the occurrence of typhoid fever was about twice more likely to be experienced by males (corrected odds ratio, COR = 2.2551, 80% CI = 0.5820, 8.7373) who are aged 19-30 years (COR = 2.0660, 80% CI = 0.5868, 7.2734) than females. Families with a household size of 7-9 people were about 3.5 times more likely to have typhoid (COR = 3.7522, 80% CI = 1.8104, 7.7771) and this was significant (P = 0.020). Unlike initially hypothesized, depending on donation (COR = 0.5660, 80% CI = 0.3120, 1.0267), the household’s monthly income (COR = 0.6980, 80% CI = 0.2719, 1.7922) and having no toilet (COR = 0.7790, 80% CI = 0.1370, 2.8138) had no independent associations with the occurrence of typhoid fever. Conclusion. The occurrence of typhoid fever was independently associated with males aged 19-30 years, families with household size of 7-9 people, not washing hands, and absence of clean water and sanitation facilities presented twice the risk of contracting typhoid fever. Recommendation. This study recommends that maintaining a lower household size and effective implementation of government policies on typhoid prevention could be effective strategies for the prevention of typhoid fever among adults attending the Medical Outpatient Unit at Bay Regional Hospital.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Individual Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Typhoid Fever
  topic: keywords
subject: Bay Regional Hospital
  topic: keywords
subject: Baidoa District
  topic: keywords
subject: Somalia
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdinur Omar Mohamud
creator: David Serunjogi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 SJ Public Health Africa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-04-25
publication date: 2024-04-25
starting page: 10
ending page: 10
doi: 10.51168/ejqrv925

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO POOR HEALTH CARE WASTE MANAGEMENT AMONG HEALTH WORKERS IN DOKOLO, HC IV-A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
type: item
description: Background Globally, healthcare waste management poses a major environmental and public health challenge. Moreover, in Uganda, most of these PHC facilities lack proper HCW management facilities. This study, therefore, aims to establish the health facility-related and individual-related factors contributing to poor healthcare waste management among health workers in Dokolo Health Center IV, Dokolo District. Methodology A cross-sectional study design and a purposive sampling technique were employed. The collected data was entered into the Excel computer program to generate tables, graphs, and pie charts. Results The study findings indicated that most (70%) of the respondents reported that the size of the hospital contributed to poor biomedical waste management and (60%) reported that poorly designed incineration pits were attributable to poor waste management. (65%) however did not receive any training about biomedical waste management, (80%) segregated biomedical waste according to different categories while (70%) reported that biomedical waste management was not an extra burden on their work. (90%) of the respondents reported that they used personal protective gear while handling biomedical waste management. Conclusion Lack of appropriate disposal methods that is, poorly designed incineration pits and large quantities of waste versus limited disposal methods were attributing factors to poor biomedical waste management. Recommendation: The health workers should always segregate waste at the point of generation and ensure proper use of protective gear.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dokolo Health Center IV
  topic: keywords
subject: Health care waste
  topic: keywords
subject: waste management
  topic: keywords
creator: Ivan Ogwang
creator: Prosper Mubangizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ivan Ogwang , Prosper Mubangizi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-10-21
publication date: 2025-10-21
starting page: 9
ending page: 9
doi: 10.51168/ph2gr859